Understanding Terpenes and How to Preserve ThemUpdated 6 months ago
Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis, that profoundly affect the plant's flavor and aroma. These compounds can also influence the effects of cannabis, often working synergistically with cannabinoids like THC and CBD to create what’s known as the "entourage effect." In this guide, we'll explore the importance of terpenes, how they function, and best practices for preserving them.
1. What Are Terpenes?
- Definition: Terpenes are volatile organic compounds responsible primarily for the aromatic properties of various plants, including cannabis. They are biosynthesized in the glandular trichomes of the plant.
- Functions in Nature: They serve multiple functions such as attracting pollinators, repelling herbivores, and protecting the plant from environmental stresses and pathogens.
2. How Do Terpenes Affect Cannabis?
- Aroma and Flavor: Terpenes are responsible for the distinctive smells and flavors of different cannabis strains. For example, limonene gives a citrus scent, while myrcene offers an earthy, musky aroma.
- Entourage Effect: Terpenes interact with cannabinoids to enhance or modify their effects. This phenomenon is known as the "entourage effect," where the therapeutic properties of cannabinoids are amplified by the presence of terpenes.
1. What Are Some Common Terpenes Found in Cannabis?
- Myrcene:
- Aroma: Musky, earthy
- Effects: Sedative, relaxing
- Strains: Granddaddy Purple, Blue Dream
- Limonene:
- Aroma: Citrus
- Effects: Uplifting, stress-relief
- Strains: Super Lemon Haze, Durban Poison
- Pinene:
- Aroma: Pine, rosemary
- Effects: Alertness, memory retention
- Strains: Jack Herer, Strawberry Cough
- Linalool:
- Aroma: Floral, lavender
- Effects: Anti-anxiety, calming
- Strains: Amnesia Haze, LA Confidential
- Caryophyllene:
- Aroma: Spicy, peppery
- Effects: Anti-inflammatory, pain relief
- Strains: Girl Scout Cookies, Bubba Kush
1. How Do Temperature and Light Affect Terpenes?
- Heat Exposure: High temperatures can volatilize terpenes, causing them to evaporate and degrade. This often happens during improper drying and curing processes.
- Light Exposure: UV light can break down terpenes and cannabinoids, diminishing their effectiveness.
2. Why Is Humidity Control Important?
- Optimal Levels: Maintain relative humidity (RH) between 55-62% to preserve terpenes. Low humidity can dry out buds, while high humidity can encourage mold growth.
3. How Does Oxygen Affect Terpenes?
- Oxidation: Exposure to air leads to the oxidation of terpenes, decreasing their potency and altering their aroma and flavor profiles. Airtight containers are essential to minimize air exposure.
1. How Should Cannabis Be Harvested to Preserve Terpenes?
- Harvest Timing: Harvest cannabis plants at their peak maturity when terpene levels are the highest. Regularly monitor and inspect trichomes using a magnifying glass or microscope, harvesting when trichomes are mostly milky with some turning amber.
- Gentle Handling: Handle buds carefully during harvest to avoid damaging trichomes, where terpenes are concentrated.
2. What Are the Ideal Conditions for Drying Cannabis?
- Temperature and Humidity: Dry cannabis in a dark, cool space with temperatures between 60-70°F (15-21°C) and RH levels between 55-65%. This helps prevent rapid drying, which can cause terpene loss.
- Airflow: Use gentle, consistent airflow but avoid direct fans on the buds. This ensures even drying without desiccating the outer layers too quickly.
3. How Should Cannabis Be Cured to Maximize Terpene Retention?
- Glass Jars: After drying, transfer buds to airtight glass jars. Avoid plastic, which can impart unwanted flavors and doesn't offer a proper seal.
- Burping: Open jars briefly each day for 1-2 weeks to release excess moisture (known as "burping"). This helps maintain proper humidity within the jar.
- Humidity Packs: Consider using humidity packs (e.g., Boveda) to maintain a stable RH inside the jars.
4. What Are the Best Practices for Long-Term Storage?
- Storage Temperature: Keep cannabis stored at temperatures between 60-70°F (15-21°C) to preserve terpenes and cannabinoids.
- Humidity Control: Use humidity packs to maintain RH at 55-62%.
- Light Exposure: Store cannabis in a dark place or use opaque containers to shield from light.
- Airtight Containers: Use airtight containers to minimize air exchange and maintain terpene integrity.
1. Should Cannabis Be Frozen to Preserve Terpenes?
- Freezing Pros and Cons: Freezing can preserve terpenes and cannabinoids for extended periods but can also cause trichomes to become brittle and break off. If freezing, vacuum-seal buds to minimize air exposure and avoid freezer burn.
2. How Do Different Processing Methods Affect Terpene Retention?
- Extraction Methods: Different extraction methods can retain or lose terpenes. Solventless methods, like rosin pressing or cold-water extraction, typically retain more terpenes compared to methods involving high heat or harsh solvents.
- Infusions: When creating cannabis-infused products, use low temperatures to minimize terpene loss. Gentle decarboxylation is recommended to activate cannabinoids without degrading terpenes.
3. How Can Terpene Testing Help?
- Laboratory Testing: Sending samples to a lab can provide a terpene profile, helping you understand the specific terpene content of your cannabis. This can guide preservation techniques and storage methods to maintain desired traits.
- Home Testing Kits: While less comprehensive than lab tests, home testing kits can give a general idea of terpene levels, aiding in the monitoring of preservation efforts.
4. How Does Genetics Affect Terpene Levels?
- Strain Selection: Different strains produce different terpenes. Selecting strains known for their robust terpene profiles (like OG Kush for its piney aroma or Blueberry for its fruity scent) can ensure a richer sensory experience.
- Cultivation Practices: Practices such as using organic nutrients, implementing pest management that avoids harsh chemicals, and providing optimal light and environmental conditions can enhance terpene production during the growth phase.